All citation styles are based on similar information - that is, whatever information a reader would need to find your original source. In APA Style, this typically follows the pattern
Where citation styles tend to differ is the formatting of these pieces of information in relation to each other and the punctuation used. While we provide samples from a few of the most popularly cited source types, always refer to the APA Publication Manual for your specific situation.
Note: The APA 7th Edition has simplified much of the source information - that bit after the author, date, and title. Database names and URLs are rarely included because those tend not to tell the reader much about how to find the reference. Similarly, the location where print materials were created is no longer included. Find out more about the changes in the APA Style Blog!
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher. DOI (if available)
Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
*Note - only use this format if your source doesn't match any other source type listed in the Manual.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). High blood pressure. https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/index.html.
Publication Manual: 7th Edition of the American Psychological Association by 
The Concise APA Handbook|
Dos |
Don'ts |
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Understand the Assignment: Do thoroughly read and understand the assignment requirements before you start writing. |
Plagiarize: Don't copy someone else's work without proper citation. Plagiarism is a serious academic offense. |
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Plan Your Time: Do start your writing process early to allow time for research, drafting, and revision. |
Use Informal Language: Don't use colloquial language, contractions, or slang in academic writing. |
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Follow the Style Guide: Do adhere to the specified citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) as required by your instructor. |
Overuse Quotes: Don't rely too heavily on quotations; instead, use them selectively and ensure they support your arguments. |
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Create a Thesis Statement: Do have a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main points of your paper. |
Be Overly Complex: Don't use unnecessarily complex language or convoluted sentences. Aim for clarity. |
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Research: Do conduct thorough research using reputable sources to support your arguments. |
Use Non-Objective Language: Unless you are writing a persuasive essay, your writing should not be biased. Avoid emotional language that may discourage objectivity. |
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Organize: Do organize your paper with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. |
Wander Off Topic: Don't include irrelevant information. Stick to the main point and stay focused on your thesis. |
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Prioritize Cohesiveness: Do ensure that your ideas flow logically from one paragraph to the next, maintaining coherence and cohesion. |
Use First Person (unless allowed): Unless the assignment allows for a personal or reflective tone, don't use first-person pronouns like "I" or "we." |
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Edit and Proofread: Do carefully edit and proofread your work for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. First drafts are just that, drafts. |
Assume Prior Knowledge: Don't assume your reader knows what you're talking about. Provide sufficient background information. |
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Cite Properly: Do cite your sources accurately and consistently to avoid plagiarism. |
Overload with Jargon: Don't use excessive academic jargon without explaining it. Ensure your writing is accessible to a broader audience. |
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